Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination

Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination Social categorization is very serious in TSW because the population structure in TSW is special. Excluding the rich ones from Hong Kong (HK) local living in Kingswood Villas and Home Ownership Scheme, most residents living in public hosing estates in TSW are new immigrants from mainland China and come from southern Asian countries like India and Pakistan. People divide the community into distinct categories on almost any basis and result in different perceptions of Us (named as in-group) versus Them (named as out-group).  [1]  Usually, Cantonese born, grow and live in local HK for a very long period of time are classified as in-group and treat other non-HK local born people as out-groups because cultural differences is the main reason for the formation of in-group and out-group. One of the cultural differences is language. Cantonese born and live in HK for a very long time can speak Cantonese (Guangzhou language) fluently and read Chinese as in-group. For out-group, new immigrants from mainland China, they may speak Guangzhou language in their homeland dialect or speak directly in their homeland dialect or even speak in Mandarin only. Another out-group is southern Asian (also named as minority ethnic group in HK). Although some of them can speak English and Cantonese, their main spoken language is Indian or Pakistan and most of them cant write and read in Chinese. Another cultural differences is custom. Even in the out-group, they also categorize in Chinese group (in) and non-Chinese group (out). For example, in Chinese taboo, Chinese dont speak death in Chinese lunar new year but people in southern Asian countries do not know or have this taboo. In other words, people in southern Asian countries do not mind to say dead during Chinese lunar new year or makin g Chinese friends. On the other hand, Pakistans like embrace during visiting their friends and relatives but Chinese do not have too many body intimate contact. Moreover, the negative perception and behaviour of new immigrants from mainland China and minority ethnic group also cause HK local people to discriminate these two out-groups. For example, Chinese new immigrants do not have queuing habit when waiting some services and like to spit everywhere so that HK local people think them rude and unhygienic. People from southern Asian countries have blacker skins than Chinese yellow skins and the male of southern Asian countries have more body hair than male of Chinese so that HK local people feel them dirty and spread bad smell. Some HK local people prefer to choose another seats to separate when one Pakistan sits next to HK local people in a bus or a train. The feelings and beliefs are sharply contrasting between the members of in-group and out-group. In in-group, members feel favourable and positive traits but feel negative views to out-group.  [2]  Most residents living in public hosing estates in TSW are new immigrants from mainland China and come from southern Asian countries (out-group) and their social status are low because their education level are low or even have no education. They cant find any jobs in HK. Even though they are fortunate to be employed, they can only find low salary jobs like cleaning workers and coolies. Some of members of out-group receive Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) from Social Welfare Department. HK local people (in-group) think that people who receive CSSA are lazy and unwilling to find a job to do. This sentence becomes prejudice and gives negative label to CSSA receiver because CSSA resource is very limited and it should not be abused. At the end of 2004, a couple living in TSW c heated CSSA to travel to Thailand and came across great tsunami. Although the wife was saved luckily, HK local people did not pay any sympathy to her and discriminated CSSA receiver. At the same time, HK local people (in-group) has positive view that they would earn their living (self-sufficient) hardly more than applying CSSA. As more and more poor families live in public housing estates in TSW, the limited resources of CSSA are taken away quickly and drastically by out-group and make heavy tax burden of in-group. The realistic conflict theory can explain why competing for limited CSSA resources between in-group and out-group as a source of prejudice.  [3]   Furthermore, the social identity theory suggested that individuals seek to feel positively about the groups to which they belong, and part of their self-esteem depends on identifying with social groups. It is because people who are identified with their group are most likely to express favouritism toward their own group and a corresponding bias against out-groups, valuing our own group has predictable consequences for prejudice.  [4]  HK local people feel proud and having pride of the positive core values like hard working and high degree of freedom that they like to live in HK and recognize their HK local identity. They form their own social networks. The influx of members from out-group to TSW would destroy positive impression of local HK people. Methods to Reduce Prejudice Eliminate Discrimination Re-categorization in TSW is one of the method to reduce prejudice by shifting the boundary between HK local people and new immigrants from mainland China. It was a fact that a huge number of Chinese refugees came to HK from China mainland after the end of World War II. Why this generation of HK locally born people forget their parents and grandparents whom were immigrants from mainland China before and live in HK for many decades ? However, there was no prejudice and discrimination of Chinese immigrants within Chinese living in HK from 1945 to 1980 but adding many barriers to new immigrants from mainland China in recent years. All living Chinese in TSW and even in whole of HK should be treated equal. Another way to reduce prejudice is contact hypothesis. Mr. Shafi, the chairman of Mutual Aid Committee of one public housing estate in TSW, comes from Pakistan and he has Chinese name called Tak Brother. He was born in HK and speaks Chinese, English and Pakistan language fluently. He likes to visit the neighbour including other Pakistans, new Chinese immigrants and HK local people. When they have troubles, he likes to help them voluntarily.  [5]   Moreover, social learning is also important to reduce prejudice because holding prejudice attitude would have less enjoyable life. HK local people can appreciate the positive value of new Chinese immigrants and minority ethnic group like saving of materials. We can say no to prejudice and discrimination when some HK local people scold to new Chinese immigrants and minority ethnic group as a rubbish! Social education against prejudice is very useful. Mr. Shafi is holding a social inclusion programme in TSW that Indian or Pakistan can learn Chinese culture. On the contrary, HK local people and new Chinese immigrants can learn how to make Indian curry and cuisine. Cultural exchange can shorten the distance between in-group and out-group.  [6]   On the other hand, the mass media should take social responsibility that not to report the negative news happened in TSW and dont use the term city of sadness anymore. More positive news about TSW should be reported like the Asian Game Exhibition of 2008 would employ hundreds of temporary staffs who live in TSW at the first priority.  [7]   For eliminating discrimination, the government is now formulating the law against racial discrimination in HK. Some racial discrimination minds and behaviour like saying à ©Ã‹Å" ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ® to Indian or Pakistan should be banned. Conclusion Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination are the obstacles between the relation of different social groups. The barriers are easily built but hardly to demolish because different social groups need a long period of time to understand the other groups. On the other hand, prejudice is not inevitable by increasing communication channels between different social groups.

Consumers’ Perception of Quality Essay

This study primarily investigates the underlying factors that help to form consumer perception of quality toward private universities in Bangladesh. Five beliefs have been identified as salient to perceive the quality of private universities of Bangladesh. These are quality faculty members, university environment, campus facility, quality education and university image/reputation. Multi-item measures were used for data collection. Results revealed that three factors: campus facility, quality education and university image/reputation have positive and significant influence on perceived quality of private university in Bangladesh. Quality faculty members and university environment do not have significant influence on perceived quality of private university in Bangladesh. INTRODUCTION: Higher education in the university level has been imparted through two major types of institutions, namely: public university and private university. The concept of private university in Bangladesh is not a very ancient one. The emergence of private university in Bangladesh began with the enactment of a series of laws governing higher education in 1992. To fulfill the ever-growing demand of institutions of higher studies, at present there are 85 universities in Bangladesh where only 29 of those are public universities and remaining 56 are private (University Grants Commission Website). Establishment of private universities released the pressure of large-scale admission seekers for the limited number of seats available in public universities. The Private University Act 1992 mentions that the main objectives of private universities are to meet the growing demand of higher education and to create skilled manpower for the economic development of the country. The present study analyzes the perceived quality of private universities in Bangladesh focusing on some salient beliefs like quality faculty members, university environment, campus facility, quality education, image/reputation. Private universities in Bangladesh, no doubt, have contributed to responding to the social demand for higher education by absorbing a good number of students who otherwise could not have received university degree. The private universities are attracting a large number of students, while it seems that the reputation and teaching-learning process of the public universities are secularly on the decline, despite the fact that their worldwide reputation is higher than some of the private universities. The state has to form some sort of â€Å"accreditation council† and those private universities that satisfy certain critical minimum requirements of inputs, processes, and outputs will be given accreditation by the proposed council. RELATED CONSTRUCTS OF THIS STUDY: Faculty Members: Faculty members are one of the most important and crucial factors for any private universities. In order to evaluate perceived quality the key factor to be considered is the quality of the faculties as it has a significant influence on the perceived quality of private universities. Also to provide quality education the faculty members are also chosen from a pool of excellent academic background with national and foreign degrees. For ensuring the sound academic environment, now private universities are emphasizing research work of the faculty members. University Environment: The university environment is another factor for choosing university and perceiving the quality of a particular university. Therefore it is important that the university must have a congenial environment that will ensure friendly student-teacher relationship, politics free and no session jam or delay in achieving graduation, well organized authority, zero discrimination and good and healthy premis es. Campus Facility: The campus facility of any private university must have the basic facilities as well as some value added facilities as the students of private universities are paying some premium price in getting the education here. Quality Education: The students who get enrolled in private universities must have a minimum educational background to qualify for the admission test and finally enrolled in the university. The curriculum is designed to meet the international standard as well as the students should be able to take part in any competitive examination with full confidence as compared to those of public universities. The student-teacher ratio and the grading policy also have an impact on the quality education. Image / Reputation: The image or reputation of the university has an impact in the job market. The private universities like North South University, East West University, BRAC University, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), American International University, Bangladesh (AIUB) have been able to create an acceptance to the students and guardian community by their image and reputation. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study therefore is to identify, analyze, and explore how the students perceive quality of the private universities and what are the extrinsic factors (faculty strength, university environment, campus facility, brand image, and quality of education) influencing perception of quality to the students and guardians. Each of these extrinsic cues has positive or negative impact on the students’ evaluation of private universities in Bangladesh. Having identified all the cues we need to find out which cue/s has/have more influence on the students while evaluating the perceived quality of a particular private university. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: Given the importance of the topic, it is not surprising that a great deal has been written about quality. Consistency limitation preclude a comprehensive review (Castleberry 1985), only the literature that is relevant to the objectives of this exploratory study will be discussed here. Unlike the approach taken in this paper, many authors have offered definitions of quality. For example, Crosby (1979) defined it as â€Å"conformance to requirements,† while Kotler (2006) defined it as â€Å"the rated ability of the brand to perform its functions.† Others have highlighted aesthetic considerations. Thus, Bohr (1980) notes that quality â€Å"†¦also means aesthetic and sensuous pleasure as well†¦it is timeless style, simple elegance and a sensation that makes people feel comfortable and satisfied to be near it.† Garvin (1984), however, concedes that the definition of quality â€Å"remains a source of confusion.† He states that quality often is equated with conformance to tight manufacturing standards but that there are many other dimensions of quality as well, to wit: performance, durability, reliability, serviceability, the â€Å"bells and whistles,† and aesthetic elements. In a similar view, Gronroos (1984) acknowledges the need to define quality of services in terms of consumer perceptions and suggests that service quality may be a function of a number of variables, i.e., consumer expectations, technical and functional characteristics, and image. After classifying definitions of quality that have appeared in marketing and other disciplines, Holbrook and Corfman (1985) developed a definition of quality within the framework of value theory, specifically: quality is the â€Å"extrinsic, self-oriented, passive value.† An empirical test of their conceptual definition was only marginally successful and the authors concluded that they had provided only a partial answer to the quest ion of the meaning of quality. Years ago Wittgenstein (1953) stated that to understand quality from the consumer’s standpoint, one must be concerned with the everyday use of the word. However, as evidenced by examples from the literature, researchers generally have not adopted this approach. Moreover, no study was found which explored the extent to which consumers’ definitions of quality depend upon the product or service being considered. Another line of inquiry in the current study is whether consumers evaluate quality before and/or after purchasing a product or service ant, if so, how. Economists, who probably have contributed most to this topic, are divided into two groups. Wilde (1981) represents those who feel quality is a search attribute (i.e., quality perceptions are formed before purchase). Others (e.g., Hey and McKenna 1981), however, feel that perceptions of quality are formed only after purchase and hence quality is an experience attribute. Of the many issues relating to quality, consumer researchers seem to be most interested in how consumers evaluate quality. Most work has explored the effects of various cues and cue combinations on perceptions and evaluation of quality (Olson 1972, Olson 1977, and Monroe and Krishnan 1985). Recently, Gronroos (1984) and Parasuramen, et al. (1984) have developed conceptual motels of service quality and have identified possible determinants of perceived service quality. The fact that these are service quality motels suggests that the evaluation, as well as the definition, of quality is likely to be context-bound. Gronroos, however, has only tested his model with a sample of service business executives, and the Parasuramen, et al. motel is now being tested empirically. Therefore, considerable work must be done before a better understanding of the meaning and role of quality from the consumer’s perspective is achieved. ATTITUDE TOWARDS PRIVATE UNIVERSITY: As a purpose of the study, we examine the information integration process by which consumers form Attitudes toward Private University (APU). As per cognitive process of consumer decision- making, consumers combine some of their knowledge, meanings, and beliefs for choosing private university to form an overall evaluation. These considered beliefs might be formed by interpretation processes or activated from memory. All Beliefs about Private University: The pretest is conducted to identify the salient beliefs towards private university. Convenience sample of 26 students from North South University and East West University have been provided a survey question asking the attributes they consider to perceive the quality of private university.

The Importance Of Socialization - 1351 Words

Socialization is not something that just happens and then you are done, it is a process that continues throughout your life. It is how individuals gain their self-identity, as well as physical, mental and social skills that enables us to function in society (Kendall, 2017, p.87). Socialization aids us in being able to communicate with others in different environments and situations. Socialization allows a society to regenerate by passing on its culture through one generation to another. Family is considered the most important agent of socialization because socialization begins when we are born. Through our families we are taught about our culture and social values. This is where we learn our primary language, beliefs, we develop†¦show more content†¦However, during the Great Depression, there was increased unemployment, as well as decreased wages, getting married and having children during this time was difficult, the divorce rated declined due to the expense, not many p eople could afford it (The Evolution of American Family, 2015). By 1940, due to the Great Depression, about two million married couples were separated and living in different households. Women had to start working to provide income for their newly adjusted family life. By the time the 1950’s got here the divorce rate leveled off, and only about sixty percent of children lived in an environment where the man was the breadwinner and the females were the homemakers. During this time, there was a large economic growth in manufacturing and consumer goods, new homes were built and families moved to the suburbs to be able to develop close relationships within their families, something that their parents we not able to do. The main structure of the American family was still the husband being the main provider, and the women performing all the chores and tending to the children, however, families began eating meals together, and going out socially. The girls in the family usually lived with their parents until they were married, children became socialized so as they entered adulthood, they would be successful. Women during this time were not allowed a higher education. Family structure in the 1950’s was based on security. 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This process begins at home where one learns about the social norms and cultural practices that are accepted in the society. Primary socialization teaches children how to associate with people around them and this equips them with the vital concepts like love, trust, honesty, integrity and togetherness. Family, childhood friends,

Differences Between Conventional And Organic Farming...

The Differences between Conventional and Organic Farming Practices A controversial topic in the agriculture industry today falls within various types of farming practices. As well as the procedures that are conducted on a daily basis in each type. For this analytical report, I will focus on the differences between conventional and organic farming practices. Both practices have multiple differences but face the same goal-feeding people. By the year of 2050, farmers are expected to feed around 9 billion people. The main debate in organic farming falls with the ability to compete with conventional farming. Conventional farming also poses a risk with competing with organic farming with the fact that some practices can be deemed unsafe within conventional practices. However, this report is to take an outlook on both practices to see not just the differences between the two, but how both can contribute to modern agriculture. Though there may be some differences in the two, both strive for the same common goal. The purpose of this analytical report is to illustrate the differences in the conventional and organic farming procedures and how they both contribute in to agriculture in terms of production. The report will focus on each of the practices and data enquiry for both on a global level. For one, I will focus on what is contained in the soil in organic and conventional practices. Next, we will focus on the in-field application and costs involved in each. Lastly, I will conveyShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Farming1035 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter organic farming or conventional farming? This is a question that all farmers face. Each type of farming as its own benefits and disadvantages. Organic farming and conventional farming are different in many different ways. I know farmers from both sides. I know farmers who practice organic farming and I also know farmers who practice conventional farming as well as some farmers who use a combination of the two types of fa rming. But I have never really know all of the differences between theRead MoreHow Organic Food Is Healthier For You1524 Words   |  7 PagesOrganic food consists of any crops or animal product produced without the use of pesticides, man-made fertilizers, additives, or growth regulators. ‘In 2002 the USDA created national organic standards, overriding any state regulators and creating a labeling system.’ (Griswold 2015) The Labels include different levels such as â€Å"100 percent organic† which means the product must be made from only organic products, â€Å"organic† products that have at least 95 percent organic ingredients, and products, â€Å"containingRead MoreOrganic Products And Non Organic Foods Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic products and non-organic foods have been a subject of interest for me for a great amount of time because I have often questioned whether there really was a difference between the two types of products. 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OrganicRead MoreA Debate Between Organic Foods And Non Organic Food1689 Words   |  7 Pagesfor farming like organic farming, conventional farming, commercial farming, multi-crop farming, factory farming and many more other technique of it. Farming has a significant role in toady’s economy. All people should know what they are eating and they have right to know for their health and survivenment. People need to know how food gets grown, process, transported, marketed, prepared, and organized of food because it is very important issues of sustainable living. There is a debate between organicRead MoreThe Effects Of Pesticides On Organic Farming1653 Words   |  7 PagesHumans initially began farming organically when European farmers noticed a decrease in soil quality and crop health due to the use of chemical fertilizers (â€Å"Pesticides in Organic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). This drop in soil quality left the farmers no other choice but to cease the use of chemical fertilizers and b egin implementing less harmful supplements in order to improve crop quality (â€Å"An Oral History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This less invasive method of farming, otherwise known as organic farming, takes into account â€Å"the medium andRead MoreThe Organic Of Organic Foods Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pageslabeled â€Å"Organic†. These foods has opened up more opportunity for both the seller and the consumer, showing to be the highest emerging sectors of the food industry in the past century, as another substitute to conventional foods that is seen in the supermarket. Organic foods, has been shown to be the goods of a farming system which avoids the exploitation of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, additives and growth promoters. Regardless of the price, there is a rising market for organic food, evenRead MoreNutritional Benefits Of Organic Foods1218 Words   |  5 Pagesof healthy alternatives, the organic food industry is quickly expanding. The U.S. organic foods market has rapidly grown from $3.5 billion in 1996 to $28.6 billion in 2010 according to the clinical report of Organic Foods: Health and Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages written by Joel Forman and Janet Silverstein. But should we purchase and consume more organically grown produce, meats, dairy products, and grains than conventionally grown foods? As the organic food section in local food supermarketsRead MoreOrganic Farming Practices : The Organic Foods Production Act ( Ofpa )1327 Words   |  6 Pagesto known as â€Å"organic†. Organic farming practices are designed to encourage soil and water conservation and reduce pollution. Farmers who grow organic produce do not use conventional methods to fertilize and control weeds. Org anic farmers follow a distinct set of standards to manufacture organic food and fiber. Congress penned a general list of organic principles in the Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA), and the United States Depart of Agriculture (USDA) also defines specific organic standards. Read MoreOrganic vs. Conventional Farming Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesOrganic farming is becoming an increasingly popular market throughout the world. (Adam, 2004, p. 666). The aims of organic farming are, to decrease pollution, maintain soil fertility and biodiversity, be more sustainable, and have increased nutritional benefits than conventionally grown foods (Yaping et. al., 2003, p. 298). While the aim of conventional farming is to provide safe, proficient supplies of food, in abundance and at low prices (Trewavas, 2001, p.409). Since 1996, the amount of land