Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination

Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination Social categorization is very serious in TSW because the population structure in TSW is special. Excluding the rich ones from Hong Kong (HK) local living in Kingswood Villas and Home Ownership Scheme, most residents living in public hosing estates in TSW are new immigrants from mainland China and come from southern Asian countries like India and Pakistan. People divide the community into distinct categories on almost any basis and result in different perceptions of Us (named as in-group) versus Them (named as out-group).  [1]  Usually, Cantonese born, grow and live in local HK for a very long period of time are classified as in-group and treat other non-HK local born people as out-groups because cultural differences is the main reason for the formation of in-group and out-group. One of the cultural differences is language. Cantonese born and live in HK for a very long time can speak Cantonese (Guangzhou language) fluently and read Chinese as in-group. For out-group, new immigrants from mainland China, they may speak Guangzhou language in their homeland dialect or speak directly in their homeland dialect or even speak in Mandarin only. Another out-group is southern Asian (also named as minority ethnic group in HK). Although some of them can speak English and Cantonese, their main spoken language is Indian or Pakistan and most of them cant write and read in Chinese. Another cultural differences is custom. Even in the out-group, they also categorize in Chinese group (in) and non-Chinese group (out). For example, in Chinese taboo, Chinese dont speak death in Chinese lunar new year but people in southern Asian countries do not know or have this taboo. In other words, people in southern Asian countries do not mind to say dead during Chinese lunar new year or makin g Chinese friends. On the other hand, Pakistans like embrace during visiting their friends and relatives but Chinese do not have too many body intimate contact. Moreover, the negative perception and behaviour of new immigrants from mainland China and minority ethnic group also cause HK local people to discriminate these two out-groups. For example, Chinese new immigrants do not have queuing habit when waiting some services and like to spit everywhere so that HK local people think them rude and unhygienic. People from southern Asian countries have blacker skins than Chinese yellow skins and the male of southern Asian countries have more body hair than male of Chinese so that HK local people feel them dirty and spread bad smell. Some HK local people prefer to choose another seats to separate when one Pakistan sits next to HK local people in a bus or a train. The feelings and beliefs are sharply contrasting between the members of in-group and out-group. In in-group, members feel favourable and positive traits but feel negative views to out-group.  [2]  Most residents living in public hosing estates in TSW are new immigrants from mainland China and come from southern Asian countries (out-group) and their social status are low because their education level are low or even have no education. They cant find any jobs in HK. Even though they are fortunate to be employed, they can only find low salary jobs like cleaning workers and coolies. Some of members of out-group receive Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) from Social Welfare Department. HK local people (in-group) think that people who receive CSSA are lazy and unwilling to find a job to do. This sentence becomes prejudice and gives negative label to CSSA receiver because CSSA resource is very limited and it should not be abused. At the end of 2004, a couple living in TSW c heated CSSA to travel to Thailand and came across great tsunami. Although the wife was saved luckily, HK local people did not pay any sympathy to her and discriminated CSSA receiver. At the same time, HK local people (in-group) has positive view that they would earn their living (self-sufficient) hardly more than applying CSSA. As more and more poor families live in public housing estates in TSW, the limited resources of CSSA are taken away quickly and drastically by out-group and make heavy tax burden of in-group. The realistic conflict theory can explain why competing for limited CSSA resources between in-group and out-group as a source of prejudice.  [3]   Furthermore, the social identity theory suggested that individuals seek to feel positively about the groups to which they belong, and part of their self-esteem depends on identifying with social groups. It is because people who are identified with their group are most likely to express favouritism toward their own group and a corresponding bias against out-groups, valuing our own group has predictable consequences for prejudice.  [4]  HK local people feel proud and having pride of the positive core values like hard working and high degree of freedom that they like to live in HK and recognize their HK local identity. They form their own social networks. The influx of members from out-group to TSW would destroy positive impression of local HK people. Methods to Reduce Prejudice Eliminate Discrimination Re-categorization in TSW is one of the method to reduce prejudice by shifting the boundary between HK local people and new immigrants from mainland China. It was a fact that a huge number of Chinese refugees came to HK from China mainland after the end of World War II. Why this generation of HK locally born people forget their parents and grandparents whom were immigrants from mainland China before and live in HK for many decades ? However, there was no prejudice and discrimination of Chinese immigrants within Chinese living in HK from 1945 to 1980 but adding many barriers to new immigrants from mainland China in recent years. All living Chinese in TSW and even in whole of HK should be treated equal. Another way to reduce prejudice is contact hypothesis. Mr. Shafi, the chairman of Mutual Aid Committee of one public housing estate in TSW, comes from Pakistan and he has Chinese name called Tak Brother. He was born in HK and speaks Chinese, English and Pakistan language fluently. He likes to visit the neighbour including other Pakistans, new Chinese immigrants and HK local people. When they have troubles, he likes to help them voluntarily.  [5]   Moreover, social learning is also important to reduce prejudice because holding prejudice attitude would have less enjoyable life. HK local people can appreciate the positive value of new Chinese immigrants and minority ethnic group like saving of materials. We can say no to prejudice and discrimination when some HK local people scold to new Chinese immigrants and minority ethnic group as a rubbish! Social education against prejudice is very useful. Mr. Shafi is holding a social inclusion programme in TSW that Indian or Pakistan can learn Chinese culture. On the contrary, HK local people and new Chinese immigrants can learn how to make Indian curry and cuisine. Cultural exchange can shorten the distance between in-group and out-group.  [6]   On the other hand, the mass media should take social responsibility that not to report the negative news happened in TSW and dont use the term city of sadness anymore. More positive news about TSW should be reported like the Asian Game Exhibition of 2008 would employ hundreds of temporary staffs who live in TSW at the first priority.  [7]   For eliminating discrimination, the government is now formulating the law against racial discrimination in HK. Some racial discrimination minds and behaviour like saying à ©Ã‹Å" ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ® to Indian or Pakistan should be banned. Conclusion Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination are the obstacles between the relation of different social groups. The barriers are easily built but hardly to demolish because different social groups need a long period of time to understand the other groups. On the other hand, prejudice is not inevitable by increasing communication channels between different social groups.

Consumers’ Perception of Quality Essay

This study primarily investigates the underlying factors that help to form consumer perception of quality toward private universities in Bangladesh. Five beliefs have been identified as salient to perceive the quality of private universities of Bangladesh. These are quality faculty members, university environment, campus facility, quality education and university image/reputation. Multi-item measures were used for data collection. Results revealed that three factors: campus facility, quality education and university image/reputation have positive and significant influence on perceived quality of private university in Bangladesh. Quality faculty members and university environment do not have significant influence on perceived quality of private university in Bangladesh. INTRODUCTION: Higher education in the university level has been imparted through two major types of institutions, namely: public university and private university. The concept of private university in Bangladesh is not a very ancient one. The emergence of private university in Bangladesh began with the enactment of a series of laws governing higher education in 1992. To fulfill the ever-growing demand of institutions of higher studies, at present there are 85 universities in Bangladesh where only 29 of those are public universities and remaining 56 are private (University Grants Commission Website). Establishment of private universities released the pressure of large-scale admission seekers for the limited number of seats available in public universities. The Private University Act 1992 mentions that the main objectives of private universities are to meet the growing demand of higher education and to create skilled manpower for the economic development of the country. The present study analyzes the perceived quality of private universities in Bangladesh focusing on some salient beliefs like quality faculty members, university environment, campus facility, quality education, image/reputation. Private universities in Bangladesh, no doubt, have contributed to responding to the social demand for higher education by absorbing a good number of students who otherwise could not have received university degree. The private universities are attracting a large number of students, while it seems that the reputation and teaching-learning process of the public universities are secularly on the decline, despite the fact that their worldwide reputation is higher than some of the private universities. The state has to form some sort of â€Å"accreditation council† and those private universities that satisfy certain critical minimum requirements of inputs, processes, and outputs will be given accreditation by the proposed council. RELATED CONSTRUCTS OF THIS STUDY: Faculty Members: Faculty members are one of the most important and crucial factors for any private universities. In order to evaluate perceived quality the key factor to be considered is the quality of the faculties as it has a significant influence on the perceived quality of private universities. Also to provide quality education the faculty members are also chosen from a pool of excellent academic background with national and foreign degrees. For ensuring the sound academic environment, now private universities are emphasizing research work of the faculty members. University Environment: The university environment is another factor for choosing university and perceiving the quality of a particular university. Therefore it is important that the university must have a congenial environment that will ensure friendly student-teacher relationship, politics free and no session jam or delay in achieving graduation, well organized authority, zero discrimination and good and healthy premis es. Campus Facility: The campus facility of any private university must have the basic facilities as well as some value added facilities as the students of private universities are paying some premium price in getting the education here. Quality Education: The students who get enrolled in private universities must have a minimum educational background to qualify for the admission test and finally enrolled in the university. The curriculum is designed to meet the international standard as well as the students should be able to take part in any competitive examination with full confidence as compared to those of public universities. The student-teacher ratio and the grading policy also have an impact on the quality education. Image / Reputation: The image or reputation of the university has an impact in the job market. The private universities like North South University, East West University, BRAC University, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), American International University, Bangladesh (AIUB) have been able to create an acceptance to the students and guardian community by their image and reputation. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study therefore is to identify, analyze, and explore how the students perceive quality of the private universities and what are the extrinsic factors (faculty strength, university environment, campus facility, brand image, and quality of education) influencing perception of quality to the students and guardians. Each of these extrinsic cues has positive or negative impact on the students’ evaluation of private universities in Bangladesh. Having identified all the cues we need to find out which cue/s has/have more influence on the students while evaluating the perceived quality of a particular private university. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: Given the importance of the topic, it is not surprising that a great deal has been written about quality. Consistency limitation preclude a comprehensive review (Castleberry 1985), only the literature that is relevant to the objectives of this exploratory study will be discussed here. Unlike the approach taken in this paper, many authors have offered definitions of quality. For example, Crosby (1979) defined it as â€Å"conformance to requirements,† while Kotler (2006) defined it as â€Å"the rated ability of the brand to perform its functions.† Others have highlighted aesthetic considerations. Thus, Bohr (1980) notes that quality â€Å"†¦also means aesthetic and sensuous pleasure as well†¦it is timeless style, simple elegance and a sensation that makes people feel comfortable and satisfied to be near it.† Garvin (1984), however, concedes that the definition of quality â€Å"remains a source of confusion.† He states that quality often is equated with conformance to tight manufacturing standards but that there are many other dimensions of quality as well, to wit: performance, durability, reliability, serviceability, the â€Å"bells and whistles,† and aesthetic elements. In a similar view, Gronroos (1984) acknowledges the need to define quality of services in terms of consumer perceptions and suggests that service quality may be a function of a number of variables, i.e., consumer expectations, technical and functional characteristics, and image. After classifying definitions of quality that have appeared in marketing and other disciplines, Holbrook and Corfman (1985) developed a definition of quality within the framework of value theory, specifically: quality is the â€Å"extrinsic, self-oriented, passive value.† An empirical test of their conceptual definition was only marginally successful and the authors concluded that they had provided only a partial answer to the quest ion of the meaning of quality. Years ago Wittgenstein (1953) stated that to understand quality from the consumer’s standpoint, one must be concerned with the everyday use of the word. However, as evidenced by examples from the literature, researchers generally have not adopted this approach. Moreover, no study was found which explored the extent to which consumers’ definitions of quality depend upon the product or service being considered. Another line of inquiry in the current study is whether consumers evaluate quality before and/or after purchasing a product or service ant, if so, how. Economists, who probably have contributed most to this topic, are divided into two groups. Wilde (1981) represents those who feel quality is a search attribute (i.e., quality perceptions are formed before purchase). Others (e.g., Hey and McKenna 1981), however, feel that perceptions of quality are formed only after purchase and hence quality is an experience attribute. Of the many issues relating to quality, consumer researchers seem to be most interested in how consumers evaluate quality. Most work has explored the effects of various cues and cue combinations on perceptions and evaluation of quality (Olson 1972, Olson 1977, and Monroe and Krishnan 1985). Recently, Gronroos (1984) and Parasuramen, et al. (1984) have developed conceptual motels of service quality and have identified possible determinants of perceived service quality. The fact that these are service quality motels suggests that the evaluation, as well as the definition, of quality is likely to be context-bound. Gronroos, however, has only tested his model with a sample of service business executives, and the Parasuramen, et al. motel is now being tested empirically. Therefore, considerable work must be done before a better understanding of the meaning and role of quality from the consumer’s perspective is achieved. ATTITUDE TOWARDS PRIVATE UNIVERSITY: As a purpose of the study, we examine the information integration process by which consumers form Attitudes toward Private University (APU). As per cognitive process of consumer decision- making, consumers combine some of their knowledge, meanings, and beliefs for choosing private university to form an overall evaluation. These considered beliefs might be formed by interpretation processes or activated from memory. All Beliefs about Private University: The pretest is conducted to identify the salient beliefs towards private university. Convenience sample of 26 students from North South University and East West University have been provided a survey question asking the attributes they consider to perceive the quality of private university.

The Importance Of Socialization - 1351 Words

Socialization is not something that just happens and then you are done, it is a process that continues throughout your life. It is how individuals gain their self-identity, as well as physical, mental and social skills that enables us to function in society (Kendall, 2017, p.87). Socialization aids us in being able to communicate with others in different environments and situations. Socialization allows a society to regenerate by passing on its culture through one generation to another. Family is considered the most important agent of socialization because socialization begins when we are born. Through our families we are taught about our culture and social values. This is where we learn our primary language, beliefs, we develop†¦show more content†¦However, during the Great Depression, there was increased unemployment, as well as decreased wages, getting married and having children during this time was difficult, the divorce rated declined due to the expense, not many p eople could afford it (The Evolution of American Family, 2015). By 1940, due to the Great Depression, about two million married couples were separated and living in different households. Women had to start working to provide income for their newly adjusted family life. By the time the 1950’s got here the divorce rate leveled off, and only about sixty percent of children lived in an environment where the man was the breadwinner and the females were the homemakers. During this time, there was a large economic growth in manufacturing and consumer goods, new homes were built and families moved to the suburbs to be able to develop close relationships within their families, something that their parents we not able to do. The main structure of the American family was still the husband being the main provider, and the women performing all the chores and tending to the children, however, families began eating meals together, and going out socially. The girls in the family usually lived with their parents until they were married, children became socialized so as they entered adulthood, they would be successful. Women during this time were not allowed a higher education. Family structure in the 1950’s was based on security. In the 1960’s due toShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Socialization1285 Words   |  6 PagesSocialization is the lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture. We often go into a place and we can tend to judge people. By the language or color or what they wear. It happens all the time. This is just a natural habit for most human beings. I have even walked into walmart before thinking to myself â€Å" I do not belong here. I do not speak the language that all these other people are speaking. I am only in Warwick rightRead MoreThe Process And Importance Of Socialization975 Words   |  4 PagesHailey Bryan Dr. Michael Flota SYG 2000 Online June 2, 2017 The Process and Importance of Socialization in Children: Socialization is the process through which an individual learns to become a functional member of society. Through socialization, one learns their cultures language, their role in life, what is expected from them, and what is considered acceptable behavior. Social interaction provides crucial sensory stimulation, which then leads to the creation ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Political Socialization1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe main task of political socialization is to shape an individual’s political orientation, attitudes, and behaviors so that they fit into a particular political system (Lee Zhan, 1991). Existing literature assumes one’s most important political attitudes are shaped relatively early in life, and that they remain stable in subsequent phases of life (Quintelier Hooghe, 2011). As political participation is a habit shaped early in life (Valentino, Gregorowicz Groenendyk, 2009; Aldrich, MontgomeryRead MoreThe Importance Of Socialization In Education1034 Words   |  5 Pageschallenging because I had to stay in a place without my parents around. Obviously I cried on the first day of school. The teacher had to drag me to the class. This is a major event for kids because they will have to face other kids at their ages. My socialization began here in the school. I was a quiet kid. I was even afraid to buy things with cashier. I didn’t have many friends. My social skills were not very good. Since I was born in a middle class, I have a cultural capital. I went to a good privateRead MoreThe Importance Of Gender Socialization1179 Words   |  5 Pagesbelief has led to a gender gap in STEM courses and careers between men and women. The lack of women in these fields could be hindering our countries advancements. Sociologists have studied this topic extensively and most theorist focus on gender socialization to explain this phenomena. Using the Role Congruity Theory, â€Å"when men and women internalize behavioral expectations based on gender roles, they also endorse goals that are consistent with their gender roles† (Barth 2015: 503). This internalizationRead MoreThe Importance Of Objective Observation And Socialization944 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment is beneficial. Herman states that objective observation and empathy might be valuable cognitive tools in socialization and those tools can be used at Westfield State. Although, the conflict or tension between empathy or objectivity isn’t discussed because it doesn’t seem related to a sharper perception, there’s a conflict between the two cognitive tools of socialization. Is empathizing with another being a subjective process? Herman states that we need to be more objective or factualRead MoreThe Importance Of Socialization In Ancient Roman Society1043 Words   |  5 PagesThe biggest and most indicative social activity in ancient Roman society was that of gladiatorial combat, and all of the additional components that went along with it. Roman’s of all ages, backgrounds, and social classes spent an exorbitant amount of time observing and enjoying this brutal pastime. For many, especially historians that hold Rome in high regard, it’s hard to believe that these games were such a critical and pervasive component of Roman social life. â€Å"To historians the games are scandalousRead MoreThe Importance Of A Nature Nurture Type Of Primary And Secondary Socialization2109 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract: I have examined my role as an employee, and how some of it compares to other roles I personify. The application of a nature-nurture type of primary and secondary socialization are used. Touching on the subject is also the two factor theory, with ideas from Sheldon Stryker. Face-to-face interactions shape my employee identity, however it s more of a face-to-animal interaction. Working collectively with my team has also helped me understand what it means to be an employee, and why this identityRead MoreExplain the concept of socialization and how useful is it in understanding human behavior?1354 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the concept of socialization and how useful is it in understanding human behavior? Socialization is the process in which an individual learns the way of life of his/her society, learn the trick of the trade and develops the capacity and the potential to function both as an individual and as a member of the society by internalizing the culture in which the society is based on. Socialization is a life-long process occurring at all stages in life starting from the day the individual is bornRead MorePrimary Socialization And Social Media1528 Words   |  7 PagesPrimary socialization In sociology this is the time when a person starts to acquire knowledge and skills through experiences in his/her environment when they are young. This process begins at home where one learns about the social norms and cultural practices that are accepted in the society. Primary socialization teaches children how to associate with people around them and this equips them with the vital concepts like love, trust, honesty, integrity and togetherness. Family, childhood friends,

Differences Between Conventional And Organic Farming...

The Differences between Conventional and Organic Farming Practices A controversial topic in the agriculture industry today falls within various types of farming practices. As well as the procedures that are conducted on a daily basis in each type. For this analytical report, I will focus on the differences between conventional and organic farming practices. Both practices have multiple differences but face the same goal-feeding people. By the year of 2050, farmers are expected to feed around 9 billion people. The main debate in organic farming falls with the ability to compete with conventional farming. Conventional farming also poses a risk with competing with organic farming with the fact that some practices can be deemed unsafe within conventional practices. However, this report is to take an outlook on both practices to see not just the differences between the two, but how both can contribute to modern agriculture. Though there may be some differences in the two, both strive for the same common goal. The purpose of this analytical report is to illustrate the differences in the conventional and organic farming procedures and how they both contribute in to agriculture in terms of production. The report will focus on each of the practices and data enquiry for both on a global level. For one, I will focus on what is contained in the soil in organic and conventional practices. Next, we will focus on the in-field application and costs involved in each. Lastly, I will conveyShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Organic Farming1035 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter organic farming or conventional farming? This is a question that all farmers face. Each type of farming as its own benefits and disadvantages. Organic farming and conventional farming are different in many different ways. I know farmers from both sides. I know farmers who practice organic farming and I also know farmers who practice conventional farming as well as some farmers who use a combination of the two types of fa rming. But I have never really know all of the differences between theRead MoreHow Organic Food Is Healthier For You1524 Words   |  7 PagesOrganic food consists of any crops or animal product produced without the use of pesticides, man-made fertilizers, additives, or growth regulators. ‘In 2002 the USDA created national organic standards, overriding any state regulators and creating a labeling system.’ (Griswold 2015) The Labels include different levels such as â€Å"100 percent organic† which means the product must be made from only organic products, â€Å"organic† products that have at least 95 percent organic ingredients, and products, â€Å"containingRead MoreOrganic Products And Non Organic Foods Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic products and non-organic foods have been a subject of interest for me for a great amount of time because I have often questioned whether there really was a difference between the two types of products. I always won dered what the nutritional, economic, laborious, and pollution differences were, if any, in the creation of the two types of products. . Through research, I have discovered a few sources from claiming data, which permits me to focus more than a physical distinction of the two. InRead MoreDifference Between Organic and Conventional Foods and Farming1466 Words   |  6 PagesOrganic foods have become more and more popular over the years, and consumers may or may not be knowledgeable when shopping for organic and/or conventional foods. This report will help define the difference between organic and conventional foods and farming, including the health benefits and risks. The demand for organic foods will also be discussed briefly. The purpose of this research is to describe and identify the advantages and issues that are involved with organic and inorganic foods. OrganicRead MoreA Debate Between Organic Foods And Non Organic Food1689 Words   |  7 Pagesfor farming like organic farming, conventional farming, commercial farming, multi-crop farming, factory farming and many more other technique of it. Farming has a significant role in toady’s economy. All people should know what they are eating and they have right to know for their health and survivenment. People need to know how food gets grown, process, transported, marketed, prepared, and organized of food because it is very important issues of sustainable living. There is a debate between organicRead MoreThe Effects Of Pesticides On Organic Farming1653 Words   |  7 PagesHumans initially began farming organically when European farmers noticed a decrease in soil quality and crop health due to the use of chemical fertilizers (â€Å"Pesticides in Organic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). This drop in soil quality left the farmers no other choice but to cease the use of chemical fertilizers and b egin implementing less harmful supplements in order to improve crop quality (â€Å"An Oral History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This less invasive method of farming, otherwise known as organic farming, takes into account â€Å"the medium andRead MoreThe Organic Of Organic Foods Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pageslabeled â€Å"Organic†. These foods has opened up more opportunity for both the seller and the consumer, showing to be the highest emerging sectors of the food industry in the past century, as another substitute to conventional foods that is seen in the supermarket. Organic foods, has been shown to be the goods of a farming system which avoids the exploitation of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, additives and growth promoters. Regardless of the price, there is a rising market for organic food, evenRead MoreNutritional Benefits Of Organic Foods1218 Words   |  5 Pagesof healthy alternatives, the organic food industry is quickly expanding. The U.S. organic foods market has rapidly grown from $3.5 billion in 1996 to $28.6 billion in 2010 according to the clinical report of Organic Foods: Health and Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages written by Joel Forman and Janet Silverstein. But should we purchase and consume more organically grown produce, meats, dairy products, and grains than conventionally grown foods? As the organic food section in local food supermarketsRead MoreOrganic Farming Practices : The Organic Foods Production Act ( Ofpa )1327 Words   |  6 Pagesto known as â€Å"organic†. Organic farming practices are designed to encourage soil and water conservation and reduce pollution. Farmers who grow organic produce do not use conventional methods to fertilize and control weeds. Org anic farmers follow a distinct set of standards to manufacture organic food and fiber. Congress penned a general list of organic principles in the Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA), and the United States Depart of Agriculture (USDA) also defines specific organic standards. Read MoreOrganic vs. Conventional Farming Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesOrganic farming is becoming an increasingly popular market throughout the world. (Adam, 2004, p. 666). The aims of organic farming are, to decrease pollution, maintain soil fertility and biodiversity, be more sustainable, and have increased nutritional benefits than conventionally grown foods (Yaping et. al., 2003, p. 298). While the aim of conventional farming is to provide safe, proficient supplies of food, in abundance and at low prices (Trewavas, 2001, p.409). Since 1996, the amount of land

Essay about Nikola Tesla - 877 Words

Tesla was born in Smiljan, Austria-Hungary (now Croatia) on July 9, 1856. He studied engineering at two institutions in Austria-Hungary--Graz Technical University (now in Austria) and the University of Prague (now in the Czech Republic). Tesla left the University of Prague in 1880, without a degree, after his father died. He then worked for a short time for Austria-Hungarys telephone system in Budapest (now in Hungary). In 1882, Tesla moved to Paris, where he worked for the Continental Edison Company. While at Graz Technical University, Tesla had seen a demonstration of a generator run as a direct-current (DC) motor. Direct current is electric current that flows in only one direction. During the demonstration, the brushes and the†¦show more content†¦There, he produced three complete systems of AC machinery. For each system, Tesla designed generators to supply the current, motors that use the current, transformers to raise and lower voltages, and a variety of devices to automatically control the machinery. Tesla received patents for his polyphase system of AC generators, transformers, and motors in 1888. That same year, he sold his patents to U.S. industrialist George Westinghouse. Tesla then worked at the Westinghouse Electric Company in Pittsburgh for a year to help develop commercial uses of the AC system. Tesla became a U.S. citizen in 1889. In 1893, Westinghouse used Teslas AC system to light the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. In 1895, Westinghouses Niagara Falls Power Project used Teslas generators and motors to harness the power of the waterfall. In 1891, Tesla invented the Tesla coil, a type of high-frequency transformer that is still used in radio and television transmission. He experimented with wireless control, and, in 1898, he demonstrated a radio-controlled boat he had invented. In 1899, Tesla created artificial lightning in one of his laboratories. Teslas other achievements include early experiments with X-rays and radar, aircraft design, and the invention of neon and fluorescent lighting. Tesla was also a great mechanical engineer, and created dozens of devices ranging from speedometers to extremely efficient electrical generators. OneShow MoreRelatedNikola Tesla Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesNikola Tesla was born midnight on July 10, 1856, in Smiljan, Lika, which at that time was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, which is now known as Croatia. His father was named Milutin Tesla and he was a Serbian Orthodox Priest. Djuka Mandic was his mother and she invented household appliances. Tesla was the fourth child of five, having one older brother and three younger sisters. In 1873, Tesla studied at the the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria and the University of Prague. At firstRead More Nikola Tesla Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthings, but I bet it wont give any mention of a man by the name of Nikola Tesla. In fact, I bet they wont give much mention of Tesla for any of the many things he invented. We can thank Thomas Edison for this. Nikola Tesla was born in Smiljian, Croatia at precisely midnight on July 9/10, 1856. Not a lot is known about his early childhood. His father was an orthodox priest, and his mother, though unschooled, was highly intelligent. Tesla had an extraordinary memory, and he spoke six languages. He SpentRead MoreEssay On Nikola Tesla1458 Words   |  6 PagesNikola Tesla (1856-1943) was an inventor and is responsible for the world as we know it. He developed alternating current, the Tesla coil, and wireless connectivity. Today he is regarded as one of the most important geniuses in history, but while he was alive, his ideas were largely unsupported. Tesla was born in Smiljan, Yugoslavia (modern-day Croatia) on July 10, 1856. He went to primary school, where he learned subjects such as arithmetic, religion, and German. From a very early age, Tesla wasRead MoreNikola Tesla Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesNikola Tesla was born midnight on July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, Lika, which was then part of the Austo-Hungarian Empire, region of Croatia. His father was named Milutin Tesla and was a Serbian Orthodox Priest. Djuka Mandic was his mother and was an inventor in her own right of household appliances. Tesla was the fourth child of five, having one older brother and 3 younger sisters. Tesla studied at the Realschule, Karlstadt in 1873, the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria and the University of PragueRead MoreEssay Nikola Tesla1035 Words   |  5 PagesNikola Tesla is regarded as one of the most brilliant inventors in history. His work provided the basis for the modern alternating current power system, as well as having developed bo th radio and the fluorescent light bulb. He worked with Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse, among others. He was also widely misunderstood by his peers and the public at large. Biography Nikola Tesla was born in a small town called Smiljan, in what is now Croatia, during a lightning storm. Some would say thatRead MoreBiography of Nikola Tesla 1054 Words   |  4 PagesNikola Tesla is undoubtedly one of the most influential scientists of all time. He was born on July 10th, 1856 in Smiljan, Lika; at this time, Smiljan was located in the Austro-Hungarian Empire region of Croatia. Tesla was thought to be one of the very few people who possessed an eidetic, or photographic, memory. He had numerous ideas for possible inventions, which he almost never felt the need to write down. In his lifetime he registered more than seven hundred patents around the world.2 Some ofRead More Nikola Tesla Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pages Nikola Tesla Few people recognize his name today, and even among those who do, the words Nikola Tesla are likly to summon up the image of a crackpot rather than an authentic scientist. Nikola Tesla was possibly the greatest inventor the world has ever known. He was, without doubt, a genius who is not only credited with many devices we use today, but is also credited with astonishing, sometimes world-transforming, devices that are even simply amazing by todays scientific standards. 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â€Å"Although his name is hardly a household word, the ghost of Jay M. Near still stalks most U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on Title of Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now courtrooms.   There exists no plaque that bears his name†¦.Near is truy the unknown soldier in the continuing struggle between the powers of government and the power of the press to publish the news.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 172) Fred Friendly, journalist, wrote of the struggle men, such as Jay M. Near, fought in their determination to live the American dream.   Their dream may not be acknowledged by the general public, but Near and his peers were trying to live the rights bestowed upon them as Americans.   Among those rights were the right to free speech, and freedom of the press. The reason Near is not a household name is because his cause may not have been seen by many to be noble.   If fought today, his cause or his dream would be likened to that of The Enquirer or The Star.   In fact, Friendly, in Minnesota Rag:   Corruption, Yellow Journalism, and the Case That Saved Freedom of The Press,   described Near vs. Minnesota, as a cast that placed freedom of the press in the least favorable light. Minnesota Rag, by Fred Friendly, traces the roots of this case all the way back to Duluth, Minnesota, beginning with a man by the name of James Morrison, who edited the Rip-Saw.   Morrison is described as a self-righteous man, willing to do anything to prove his point.   He saw a need in Duluth to expose the lawmakers for what they were.   It was a time of prohibition and Morrison saw failure in politicians and corruption in the police.   The Rip-Saw, as described by Friendly, was relentless.   â€Å"Once it had a victim in its sights, it didn’t stop until its prey was wounded.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 8) The Rip-Saw became a popular success.   The prohibition had been a failure and opened the door for Morrison to attack.   He ran storied of gambling dens increasing, prostitution and politicians, but did so under the guise of moral decency, which led the general public to believe him and the Rip-Saw.   The business sector did not have as much faith in Morrison or the Rip-Saw.   They accused him or trying to force businesses to buy advertising in order to eliminate the risk of gossip. Morrison was a single man trying to affect an entire community into believing and acting on his morals.   He had identified what he thought was just and decent and insisted that the rest of the community live by his law, or be punished.   His punishment was to be published as a headline in his paper in a non-flattering and often libelous manner.   He took it upon himself to judge the morals of others.   Morrison had an impact on local elections with the stories he printed, whether true or untrue. When finally brought to court on charges of libel, Morrison was found guilty.   Morrison immediately appealed the decision and six months later was ordered to make a public apology.   By that time, Morrison had already won, as the Mayor Power he had so maliciously written about had lost his election.   Morrison issued an apology, but certainly in jest as he had already accomplished what he had set out to do. Having accomplished such a feat, two other politicians, Boylan and Lommen, who had been lambasted in the Rip-Saw, determined that this type of press was unacceptable and formed legislation prohibiting publications that were producing â€Å"malicious, scandalous, and defamatory material.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 20)   This legislation is what would become known as the Public Nuisance Bill of 1925, often referred to as the â€Å"gag law.† â€Å"Any person who†¦.shall be engaged in the business of regularly or customarily producing, publishing or circulating, having in possession, selling or giving away, (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚   an obscene, lewd and lascivious newspaper, magazine or other periodical, or (b)  Ã‚   a malicious, scandalous and defamatory newspaper is guilty of nuisance.† This law enabled a single judge to prevent the publication of anything they believed or considered to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, or malicious, scandalous and defamatory.   Press coverage of this bill was almost non-existent and yet it had the largest impact on their business.   America, founded on freedom and liberty, was now going to allow the fate of individuals to rest in the hands of one judge, and his beliefs.   This judgment went against everything that our laws our founded on.   This wouldn’t go down without a fight. Minneapolis, Minnesota was vastly affected by the prohibition as well.   Friendly described it as a crossroads in the Canadian whiskey trade.   From Minneapolis it could be shipped to Chicago and St. Louis.   Some journalists in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area described both the politicians and law enforcement as being on the take.   Minneapolis was known as a town of gambling, illegal booze and prostitution, plagued by gang killings.   Friendly describes many of the journalists of respectable newspapers as looking the other way.   They chose not to get involved.   Enter Morrison’s successor, Jay M. Near. Near is not described as a man of conscience or character, but a man who was looking to profit, in any way he saw fit.   Again, this is likely why his name is not a household term.   Near and his partner Guilford, began a crusade against local authorities, including the chief of police.   Their publication The Saturday Press took aim at the local authorities.   Their implications tied the police to the local gambling syndicates and further accused the police of extorting money from local businesses. Brunskill, the chief of police had ordered an official ban of the paper from all newsstands in Minneapolis, on the basis that it would corrupt the morals of children.   Brunskill threatened arrest of anyone who would be selling the paper, which made Near fight harder.   Near and his cohorts promised legal aid and bail to anyone who would willingly sell the paper.   It was a political and racial fight from beginning to end.   Near, who was anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, anti-black, anti-labor, would find support in the Jewish community to further his cause.   Never the less, The Saturday Press was eventually closed and padlocked. The United States, a country founded on freedom, had caused the creation of a number of civic unions that would fight for a cause, whether they believed in it or not.   They were fighting for freedom, yours, mine and theirs.   Near had found a way to reach out to the American Civil Liberties Union, and although they did not agree with his publication, they agreed with his right to publish it.   Near was also joined by Robert Rutherford McCormick, publisher of the Chicago Tribune.   McCormick joined the battle because of his belief in the First Amendment. They joined forces in order to fight the Public Nuisance Law and to support Freedom of the Press.   They did not all agree on the purpose of that freedom or how it should be used, but that it should be present for everyone.   They had determined that no one man should have the right to quiet the voice of another, despite their difference in opinion, and they took their case to the Supreme Court. Weymouth Kirkland, appellant’s counsel, in his address to the court, asserted that the Minnesota law violated the United States Constitution by restricting freedom of the press.   Kirkland admitted that the articles were defamatory, but added, â€Å"So long as men do evil, so long will newspapers publish defamation.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 126)   Kirkland concluded that every man has the right to publish malicious, scandalous and defamatory matter, even if untrue and with bad motives. (127) They may be dealt with after the publication of such matter, but no one has the right to prevent such publication.   Kirkland’s point was that the Minnesota gag law was a method of permanent censorship, however criminal proceedings on a specific complaint were always available to the state.   (128)   The Supreme Court ruled in Near’s favor. According to Friendly, Near vs. Minnesota, placed freedom of the press in the least favorable light.   (172)   Near’s cause did not appear to be significant or even just, except by those that choose to fight this battle.   To those who fought the battle it created a â€Å"sturdy† law.   â€Å"If great cases like hard cases make bad law, as the Holmes proverb warns, it may follow that since few knew or cared about Near’s cause, freedom of the press was transformed successfully into a twentieth-century constitutional bulwark.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 173) Had this case never been heard, we may be left with the inability to question our government or local authorities today.   We live in a democratic society, where we have been granted certain unalienable rights, among them the right to freedom of speech and freedom of the press.   Without those options, the press would be unable to publish stories of certain unflattering truths about our elected officials.   We would be unable to make informed decisions. â€Å"Both the history and language of the First Amendment support the view that the press must be left to publish news, whatever the source, without censorship, injunctions, or prior restraint.   Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government.† (Friendly, 176) Near vs. Minnesota and the case of Morrison and the Rip-Saw, either story seems hard pressed to point to a great law that would emerge from the scandals.   But to leave the Public Nuisance Law in place, to limit the freedom of the press, would ultimately result in a restraint upon the freedom of the general public.   If the press cannot print what they learn, then our democracy is dissolved. â€Å"But, history, fate, or whatever fore it is that provides the unlikely champion, or the subtle, improbably turn of events that leaves its indelible stamp upon the course of human events, intervened.   It was one such incident that ultimately empowered five Supreme Court Justices to infuse with life and spirit and amendment which for 150 years had existed only as a bare skeleton.†Ã‚   (Friendly, 179)                                  How to cite Title of Paper, Essay examples

The Analysis of the Novel The Death of Ivan Ilych Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction Thesis Statement: The novel ofLeo Tolstoy1981 entitledThe Death of Ivan Ilychhas provided several statements that sprung up throughout several reviews and analysis that occurred together with the literary piece. The primarysubjectof the fresh involves the chief status of decease as it comes near a individual and the procedure of accepting. interacting. and populating in a status wherein decease apparently knocks near. Thesecret planbad lucks that were experienced by the supporter of the narrative. Ivan Ilych. implicates a ramifying political orientations from assorted facets of elements. such as faith. literary reviews. societal scientific disciplines. doctrine of decease. etc. As for the analysis of the novel. the primary focusedelementsinvolves the facet of decease in its nucleus credence and the premier symbolic attributes specifically pain and decease itself. Furthermore. the analysis of the paper farther extends to the scenario of the characters. Gerasim. and the household. which someway provided the primary conflicting parties throughout the literary piece. Obviously. the class of the narrative is in line with the facets of mourning and heartache ; nevertheless. the primary sarcasm involved is how did the facet of deceasing became the way towards the visible radiation and enjoyment Body The novel starts in the character of Ivan Ilych Golovin who significantly plays portion in the justness system of St. Petersburg as a high tribunal justice. During the life of Ivan Ilych. prosperity and celebrity had been portion of the ever-existing kin inclined in political personal businesss. such as the paternal line of descent of Ivan. granted that they have served St. Petersburg in a chiseled mode. The household of Ivan Ilych comprises of political forces from Ilya Epimovich Golovin. who was a councilor. Ilych’s household of beginning did branched out in a well-famed and recognized persons ( her sister married a baron. and his senior brother sought the stairss of his male parent ) . Ilych averagely lived a normal yet important life as a Member of Court of Justice even though he was expected by his male parent as thele phenix de la familleor pride of the household. The powers enveloped in the appreciation of this attorney were negated at the clip of great anomalousness th at had occurred. The focal point of Ilych’s life remained in the sense of good workss for the community. for the spiritual religious orders. and for his household ( Schwehn and Bass 2006 492 ) . One clip. the ordinary life of Ilych was disrupted by immense hurting happening in his side. Apparently. the good workss did non saved him from the diagnosing of the physicians. which states that the status nowadays in him is terminal. and decease was approaching towards him. Ilych was devastated and resort to inquiries of meriting such faith sing the unsloped life that he ordained to himself ; hence. he began interrupting the usual impulse of the atmosphere. being ill-mannered even to his household. and much worst. to himself. However. the conditions of Ilych’s positions shifted as he met one of the symbolic figure established in Gerasim. who somehow taught Ilych the sarcasm of unreal life and reliable life. Upon the decease of the justice. the plot line branches out into assorted sentiments expressed by different characters. Fedor Vasilievich. Peter Ivanovich. and other members of the tribunal justness were keenly reasoning and anticipating the publicities brought by the decease of Ilych ( Danaher. 2007 ) . The construct of heartache and mourning greatly entangled the position of Ivanovich and the left behind household of Ilych. which someway institutes another symbolic figure implying the negative facet of decease. At the terminal of the narrative. Ilych recognized the benefit of deceasing in a different position of being cognizant. prepared and able to see the value of life every bit good as deceasing ( Dickenson and Katz 2000 220 ) . Therefore. at the terminal of the. Ilych eventually accepted his decease. negated the facet of unreal life. and welcomed the genuineness of his new given life ( Schwehn and Bass 2006 492 ) . The primary characters involved in the novel chiefly branch out to different character. viz. the supporter. new wave Ilych Golovin and his household. Fedor Vasilievich. Peter Ivanovich. Gerasim. and Praskovya Fedorovna. Get downing with the chief supporters. Ilych Golovin. who died in February 4. 1882. became the primary point of circulation in the novel ( see www. ccel. org ) . The treatment chiefly involved the decease of Ivan as he conjured a terminal unwellness diagnosed by the physician. which greatly affected every parts of his life ( Dickenson and Katz 2000 220 ) . The kernel of being ordinary nowadays in his life has shifted into a life full of enquiries and justifications of good plants over life’s unfortunate effects. Peter Ivanovich became one of Ivan’s closest familiarities. and the two of them went to jurisprudence school together with Vasilievich. Ivanovich presents uneven attack towards the casket of Ilych sing that his chief symbol in the narrative relays in an unenlightened person. Ivanovich and Fedor Vasilievich joins the character of position-greed in the novel. as the two exclaim the desire of obtaining the vacancy left by the places of Ilych ; hence. implicating the characters of discreet adversaries. Meanwhile. the married woman of Ilych. Praskovya Fedorovna. besides play important function in the class narrative as the chief support of Ivan in footings of his unwellness ( Malpas and Solomon. 1998 6 ) . As Ivan suppress the world of being terminally ill. Fedorovna continuously instills to Ivan’s mind the world of confronting decease. â€Å"Fedorovna’s position ; nevertheless. remains centered to his hubby and non for greedy motivations. although. the act farther d epresses Ilych’s perceptual experiences over his status ( Schwehn and Bass 2006 492 ) † . Last. the character of Gerasim. whom someway. provided the features of enlightenment-bringer on the facet of Ilych’s depressive estates had greatly modified the position of Ilych over life. decease. life and deceasing ( De Sousa. 2003 ) . By demoing and standing bravely over the face of deceasing and purdah. Ilych became impressed on his position. which someway motivated Ilych to alter towards the improvement. credence. realisation of life after decease. and the belief of God and confession ( Malpas and Solomon. 1998 6 ; Schwehn and Bass 2006 492 ) . The symbolisms nowadays in the narrative explicitly interact all throughout the narrative lines. peculiarly decease. hurting and the act of confession. â€Å"Most notably apparent. Ilych’s response over the hurting had provided him the lay waste toing intelligence that disrupted the environment of mundaneness and the well-classified life that he had as a member of justness commission ( Malpas and Solomon. 1998 6 ) † . The hurting experienced by Ilych acted as the primary trigger to switch the full dimension ofordinaryto the impression of anxiousness. The agonies brought by hurting triggered the alteration and exposure of failing in Ilych’s belief of uprightness and moral bases. sing that the profession whom the character signifies was really in the field of concluding and principle ( Klement 1994 ) . Pain acted as the premier trigger to switch the atmosphere and exceed the plot line to another facet. which is confronting the facts of terminal position peculiarly. decease ( Danaher. 2007 ) . The construct of decease is deemed non merely as the primary subject of the narrative but besides play portion of the symbolical three wherein fright of decease exposes the discreet uncertainties. trial of religion. degree of enlightenment and realisation of life far more than the cognition obtained from calling or instruction ( Malpas and Solomon. 1998 6 ) . Last. the construct of confession that was or dained by Ilych with a priest after accomplishing the realisations of reliable life over the deceasing one had significantly provided the symbolical function of declaration ( Klement 1994 ) . Sing the Christian dispositions of Tolstoy. ( hurting ) triggers are deemed necessary in order for us to recognize the current terminal ( decease ) of our action while believing that the current way ( unsloped life or an ordinary life ) can salvage us from the terminal. yet merely by understanding the extreme end ( reliable life ) can assist us seek the key ( confession ) ( De Sousa. 2003 ) . The novel’s sarcasm was dispatched chiefly on the latter portion of the narrative wherein the facet of joy and credence became the point of position of Ilych as he approach the close clip of his decease. Sing that the whole clip after cognizing the terminal status of his life. the facet of life became deformed and self-pity reigned over Ilych discreetly. and yet. the result of the novel illustrated a sense of satisfaction. which is a satisfied impression from deceasing. â€Å"And the hurting? † he asked himself. â€Å"What has become of it? Where are you. trouble? †He turned his attending to it. â€Å"Yes. here it is. Well. what of it? Let the hurting be. † †¦ â€Å"And death†¦where is it? † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ So that’s what it is! † he all of a sudden exclaimed aloud. â€Å"What joy! † ( Tolstoy 1981 ) The statement provided by Ilych greatly connotes the kernel of deceasing with satisfaction. credence and exhilaration ; nevertheless. the early looks involved utmost torment and hurting over his conditions that are yet to be resolved. In some point of analysis. the sarcasm revolves in the construct of reliable life and unreal life that possess beliing perspective yet manifest the existent accounts over the sarcasm ( De Sousa. 2003 ) . Bridged by enlightenment and realisation. Ilych eventually took his spring from the ideation of unreal life and eventually give up himself towards life’s genuineness by deceasing. which is the really most dry statement of the novel. Decision In the decision of the paper. the primary subject stated involves the facet of decease and the statement of the thesis states the brotherhood of credence of decease from the fright of deceasing. Three elements have been utilized in the full class of literary analysis. chiefly the word pictures. symbolism and sarcasm. The characters in the novel. which notably revealed the captivations and chief engagements of the most of import characters of the novel. provided the model of the full events of the narrative. The symbolism instills the threes of hurting. decease and confession. which somehow suggests the spiritual deductions of the narrative as referred to both the novel and the Christian inceptions of the writer. Last. the sarcasm involved tackles the important turning over from torment of decease towards credence to the point of seeking for decease. Plants Cited Internet Resources: â€Å"Death of Ivan Ilych. † 1 Christian Classics Ethereal Library. 7 Feb. 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ccel. org/ccel/tolstoy/ivan. hypertext markup language gt ; . Danaher. David S. â€Å"IVAN ILYCH. † 1 2007. Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 7 Feb. 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. deathreference. com/Ho-Ka/Ivan-Ilych. hypertext markup language gt ; . Database Resources: Klement. Vera. â€Å"An Artist’s Notes on Aging and Death. †Art Journal. 53. 1 ( 1994 ) : 73-76.Online LIbrary. Questia Database. 7 Feb. 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/read/5000206040 gt ; . De Sousa. Ronald. â€Å"Perversion and Death. †The Monist. 86. 1 ( 2003 ) : 90-97.Online LIbrary. Questia Database. 7 Feb. 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/read/5002526428 gt ; . Print Resources: Dickenson. Donna. and Joanne Katz.Death. Dying and Bereavement. Sage. 2000. Gergen. Kenneth J. . and Mary M. Gergen.Social Construction: A Reader. Sage. 2003. Schwehn. Mark R. . and Dorothy C. Bass.Leading Lifes That Matter: What We Should Make and Who We Should Be. Eerdmans Books for Young Readers. 2006. Primary/ Book Resources: Tolstoy. Leo.The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Bantam. 1981. Malpas. J E. . and Robert C. Solomon.Death and Philosophy. Routledge. 1998.